Unfortunately, a disease such as type 2 diabetes affects more and more people every year. In terms of mortality, it is second only to oncology. The risk of such a disease lies not only in persistently elevated glucose levels, but alsoIn failure almost all functions of the body.
"Sweet" disease is not treated, you can only reduce the risk of complications and avoid insulin-dependent type diabetes. To normalize the level of sugar, endocrinologists mainly follow a low-carbohydrate diet. and recommend regular exercise therapy. It turns out that diet and nutrition treatment for type 2 diabetes is the main and primary treatment.
If it is not possible to achieve the desired result with the help of diet therapy, you should start taking hypoglycemic drugs. It is also necessary to monitor the blood count with a glucometer at home.
causes and symptoms
Diabetes refers to diseases of the endocrine system, when the level of sugar in the blood continuously rises.
It is noteworthy that the body produces sufficient amounts of this hormone, but the cells do not respond with it. This condition is called insulin resistance.
There is no one more specific cause of type 2 diabetes, but doctors have identified risk factors, one of which is age 40. It is at this age that DM is most often diagnosed. Is that the disease has developed dramatically. Most likely, the patient ignored the symptoms of prediabetes for many years, leaving the body exhausted.
Signals of SD:
- Thirst;
- dry mouth;
- slow healing of wounds and abrasions;
- frequent urges to go to the toilet;
- rapid fatigue;
- sleepiness
If at least one of the symptoms appears, it is recommended to visit an endocrinologist for analysis to exclude or confirm the presence of the disease. Diagnosis is quite simple - the distribution of venous and capillary blood. IfYou know the symptoms and treatment will be effective.
Diabetes is more common in the following categories of people:
- over 40 years old;
- overweight by abdominal type;
- malnutrition, when light carbohydrates (sweets, flour products) predominate in the diet;
- sedentary lifestyle without proper physical activity;
- high blood pressure;
- Presence of diabetes in family.
When treating a "sweet" disease, it is necessary to strictly adhere to a diet aimed at lowering blood sugar.
diet therapy
xz>A properly formulated therapeutic diet, coupled with moderate physical activity, will become the main treatment for diabetes. One of the main rules is not to starve or overeat. The number of meals is six times a day. Last dinner at least a few hours before bedtime.
Type 2 diabetes diet and nutritional therapy stabilize blood sugar levels. Vegetables should make up half of the daily diet. Also, the daily menu should include cereals, fruits, meat or fish and dairy products.
The body of a diabetic patient suffers from deficiency of vitamins and minerals. This is not only due to failure in the metabolic processes of the endocrine system. Hence it is very important to eat a balanced diet.
From the above, the main principles of the diet can be distinguished:
- small meals, six times a day;
- Minimum fluid intake - two liters;
- Do not starve and do not overeat;
- dinner should be light, it is worth limiting yourself to a glass of fermented milk product or 150 g of cottage cheese;
- Fruits should be included in breakfast;
- When preparing vegetable dishes, use only seasonal products;
- Select products according to GI.
All diabetic foods should have a low glycemic index. Endocrinologists follow this indicator when compiling diet therapy.
In addition to following the principles of nutrition, one should not forget about the permissible heat treatment, aimed at the absence of bad cholesterol in dishes.
Cooking is allowed in the following ways:
- boil;
- for a couple;
- in the microwave;
- bake in the oven;
- in a multicolored;
- Stew using a small amount of vegetable oil.
It is necessary to separately study the concept of GI and learn how to make a diet based on individual taste preferences.
After all, the choice of products for diabetics is quite wide and allows you to cook many healthy dishes.
GI of products in diet therapy
The glycemic index is a measure that reflects the effect of a certain food after a meal on raising blood sugar levels. Low GI products contain complexly digestible carbohydrates, which are not only essential for the patient, butIt also gives him a feeling of satiety for a longer period of time.
Diabetics need to choose from food categories that have a low GI. Foods with an average indicator may be included in the diet only occasionally, no more than twice a week. High GI products can lower glucose levels in a fairly short period of time. are able to increase up to mmol / l.
The glycemic index of foods is divided into three categories. But in addition to this value, you need to pay attention to the calorie content of the food. So, some foods have a value of zero units, but at the same time they contain bad cholesterol andHas high calorie content.
Will take a bright fat, which does not contain carbohydrates and has 0 units, but it is categorically contraindicated for diabetics. GI division:
- 0 - 50 units - less;
- 50 - 69 units - medium;
- More than 70 units - high.
To make it easier for the patient to create a menu for himself there is a special table of products with indexes. Some products after heat treatment can significantly increase the index - these are beets and carrots. Raw they are allowed, but subject to restrictions. Boiled under.
Therapeutic diet allows you to cook dishes from such vegetables:
- onion;
- all varieties of cabbage - white and red, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli;
- garlic;
- Eggplant;
- tomato;
- string and asparagus beans;
- Masur lentils;
- Pea;
- squash;
- Cucumber.
Many people have a habit of having potatoes on their tables. But with a "sweet" disease, it is better to refuse it because of the high GI. In very rare cases, when it is decided to use tubers, They must be pre-soaked in water overnight. Thus, you can get rid of starch and slightly reduce the index.
Vegetables for diabetics are a source of vitamins, microelements and fiber. They prepare not only fresh salads, but also side dishes, as well as complex dishes. It is combined with greens - spinach, lettuce, oregano, basil, dill and parsleyIt is allowed to diversify the taste qualities.
Fruits are an equally important component of the diet. The daily allowed norm should not exceed 150 - 200 g. Fruit juices with a low index cannot be taken. By this treatment, they lose fiber and glucose rapidly enters the bloodstream. enters.
When dieting, the following fruits and berries are allowed:
- cherry;
- Apricot;
- pear;
- Nectar;
- persimmon;
- black and red currants;
- all varieties of citrus fruits - orange, lemon, grapefruit, tangerine, pomelo and lime;
- Karounda;
- sweet cherry;
- Peach.
Dried fruits contain many valuable substances, no more than 50 grams per day is allowed. Dried fruits are good to add to cereals, making a whole food dish. Low GI dried fruits - dried apricots, prunes andFig.
Meat, offal, fish and seafood are also a daily part of the menu. At the same time, fish should be present in the weekly diet at least three times. Choose lean meats and fish. The skin and fat residues are removed from them, Which does not contain vitamins, but only bad cholesterol.
Endocrinologists recommend the following products:
- chicken;
- rabbit meat;
- Turkey;
- beef;
- quail;
- chicken liver;
- beef liver;
- beef tongue;
- Beef Lungs.
There are no restrictions on the choice of seafood. From fish, you can opt for pollock, hake, pike or perch.
Grains are a source of energy, so they give a feeling of satiety for a longer period of time. Some of them have a high GI, in particular white rice. An alternative would be brown (brown) rice, which has a GI of 50 units. It takes a little longer to cook - about 45 minutes.
Barley is considered the most valuable cereal, its GI is only 22 units. Other types of cereals are also allowed:
- barley grains;
- Buckwheat;
- Oatmeal;
- Wheat porridge.
By the way, the thicker the porridge, the lower its index.
There are certain restrictions on dairy and sour-milk products. All of them are based on the fat content of the products. Therefore, it would be logical to refuse sour cream, margarine and butter.
medical treatment
If it is not possible to achieve the desired result with the help of diet therapy, the doctor is forced to prescribe hypoglycemic drugs. Their choice in the pharmaceutical market is wide.
Self-medication is prohibited, since all pills have their side effects. Only an endocrinologist can choose the right pills for the patient, taking into account the characteristics of his body and the course of the disease.
Hypoglycemic drugs aim to stimulate pancreatic cells to increase production of the hormone insulin so that it is in the blood in the required amount.
If in this case it is not possible to normalize the level of glucose in the blood, therapy includes several groups of hypoglycemic tablets.
additional measures
In the presence of type 2 diabetes, treatment should include feasible physical activity. This serves as an excellent compensation for high sugar levels.
That is, when playing sports in the body, all metabolic processes are accelerated, and glucose is absorbed faster.
You should devote at least half an hour a day to this lesson. If you can not practice daily, then at least you need to walk forty minutes in the fresh air.
You can choose the following types of physical activity for type 2 diabetics:
- Total;
- Nordic Walking;
- sports walking;
- jogging;
- cycling;
- Swimming.
If one wants to study at home, there are many video courses on the internet specially dedicated to diabetics.
If the training takes place outside the house and after them there is a feeling of hunger, it is allowed to make an additional meal - snack. An ideal option would be 50 grams of nuts, which contain nutritious protein, have a low GI and satisfy hunger. Fights kindly. Just do not exceed the permissible daily allowance, as such a product is high-calorie.
From all of the above, it should be concluded that the manifestation of diabetes can be reduced using only two rules: follow the principles of diet therapy for diabetes and exercise regularly.